Stealing the Pears

Stealing the Pears Free Online Research Papers Augustine considers the theft of the pears halfway through Book II. What particularly disturbs him about this teenage prank is that he did it out of no other motive than a desire to do wrong. I loved my fall [into sin], he writes. The pears were not stolen for their beauty, their taste, or their nourishment (there were better pears at home), but out of sheer mischief. Investigating this point further, Augustine again concludes that his actions simply represent a human perversion of his God-given goodness. In fact, each thing he sought to gain from stealing the pears (and everything humans desire in sinning) turns out to be a twisted version of one of Gods attributes. In a remarkable rhetorical feat, Augustine matches each sinful desire with a desire to be like God: pride seeks loftiness (and God is the highest), perverse curiosity desires knowledge (and God knows all), idleness is really aiming at quietude (and God is unchanging in his eternal repose), and so on. The underlying theme here is, again, Neoplatonic. For the Neoplatonists, all creation (the material world) has turned away from Gods perfection, becoming scattered into a chaotic state of mutability, temporality, and multiplicity. God remains unchangeable, eternal, and unified, and creation always seeks (whether it realizes it or not) to return to God. Here, Augustine has argued that even sin itself fundamentally aims at a return to God. Book II ends with a consideration of the peer pressure on which Augustine partly blames the theft of the pears. The main lesson he takes from this is that friendship can be a dangerous enemy, a seduction of the mind. Like love, it must be subjected to reason if it is to be truly good. Research Papers on Stealing the PearsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCapital PunishmentHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionQuebec and CanadaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMind TravelAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West Meet

Extremely Loud Incredibly Close Jonathan Safran Foer Essays

Extremely Loud Incredibly Close Jonathan Safran Foer Essays Extremely Loud Incredibly Close Jonathan Safran Foer Paper Extremely Loud Incredibly Close Jonathan Safran Foer Paper Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close Barnaby T. Chuckles Mr. Kubacki Jonathan Safran Foer’s novel, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, is a tightly woven web of interrelated metaphors and thematic elements. Getting into every single one could take between a life-time and forever so for the purposes of this essay I will only focus on the few main themes; growing into adulthood, which is the quest that Oskar takes on when he sets out to find out about the key, accepting the unknowable in the universe, the random and the unquantifiable that separate life from mathematics, and duality. The last is the trickiest to wrap ones head around and, as typified by the interrelatedness mentioned earlier, ties in to the other two themes. As Oskar grows up he has to come to accept the way in which not everything in the universe can be explained, learn to make his scientific mind can come to grasp a chaotic world, and come to understand how humanity can be essentially illogical. It would be pointless, of course, to point out that Oskar’s quest is as crazy as you can get, but that being said we can begin to grasp that his journey is to get in touch with and become accustomed to his own craziness as a human being. And he way in which Oskar gets a palate for his own madness is by tasting the insanity of others. Each Black that he visits throughout the course of the book not only teaches Oskar something about people, but also mirrors his struggle. The first four Blacks he visits seem relatively insignificant, they can’t give him any information on the key. Yet, each somehow reflects Oskar’s journey into adulthood. When he goes to visit Aaron Black, after setting foot in Queens for the first time, symbolizing how the quest is the catalyst that sends Oskar out of his shell into the big, bright world, he finds that the man is literally paralyzed and can’t come down to greet him. Aaron Black’s literal paralysis mimics Oskar’s inability to come out into the real world, or as the case may be, up to the seventh floor, where he fears a terrorist attack (a fear he will later overcome). The two are unable to connect in a metaphorical sense as well as an actual one. Oskar begins by playing the orphaned child card and tells Aaron his dad is dead immediately, not trying to forge any sort of bond. When he learns of Aaron’s infirmity he can’t take it and runs away (in retrospect he says, â€Å"if I could do it again I would do it differently. But you can’t do it again. †), representing how he cowers away from his dad’s death when he bruises, invents and retreats into his shell. Abby Black, who becomes much more significant later in the book and whom I will discuss later in the essay as well, holds much more import for Oskar’s development, even this early in the book. On first read-through they seem to get along swimmingly. Oskar extolls her beauty when she first opens the door, making her crack up literally as well as figuratively, as when someone laughs the barrier between two people breaks down a little bit. Also, Abby is an epidemiologist, so Oskar connects to her through his pedantic knowledge of science. However, common interests don’t necessarily make two people compatible, and Oskar uses his, for lack of a better word, nerdiness to connect to Abby, instead of exploiting the real connection they have as two people in crises, two scientists. When Oskar first asks her about the key and she says she knows nothing about it, he can tell right off the bat that there’s something wrong and she’s not telling the whole story. Oskar can read Abby but he doesn’t know how to react to what he reads. Before he enters her apartment he fibs to get in saying, â€Å"I didn’t feel great about lying, and I didn’t believe in being able to know what was going to happen before it happens, but for some reason I knew I had to get inside her apartment. † This is when Oskar gets his first lesson in the irrational way in which people (in this case, himself) operate. What he’s describing is intuition, which is manifestly unquantifiable, so he chooses to ignore it as some kind of supernatural phenomenon, which he’s duty bound as an atheist to ignore. However, by ignoring his intuition and proceeding â€Å"logically† he misses the most important detail in his visit; that Abby’s husband must also be a Black and may know something about the key. Later when he asks to kiss Abby and she says no he gets his second lesson in the duality of reason and human’s irrationality. He asks to take a picture of her but seems to realize a picture of her face isn’t good enough, so he takes one from behind her head, basically acknowledging that he doesn’t know her. Yet by accepting their position as strangers he brings himself to a greater understanding of how they relate to each other. Next comes Abe Black, a few chapters later. He convinces Oskar to ride the Cyclone, a huge step for Oskar, as he would normally never accept that embracing danger as an essential part of life. â€Å"’It would be a shame to die without riding the Cyclone,’ he told me. It would be a shame to die,’ I told him. â€Å"Yeah,’ he said, ‘but with the Cyclone you can choose. ’† Oskar finds that though life is filled with death the best way to deal with it is to live life to the fullest. He finds that there are some things that can’t be missed out on and that that’s all that matters in the end, even if the end is alw ays death. He goes on to say his day with Abe was the perfect day aside from not finding anything about the key. This, paired with the roller coaster, is the first time Oskar just gets lost in living. He doesn’t care about inventing or the key or his dad, he’s just having a good time at the fair. The next Black, Ada, mirrors Oskar’s struggle, and by reflecting it also illuminates it. Oskar starts off by grilling her about all the money she has. From the first reader can tell it’s a subject she feels uncomfortable about. She’s very clearly thought hard about the questions Oskar asks her and doesn’t have a good answer. She’s essentially in conflict with herself, saying, â€Å"I know what I am, but I don’t like what I am,† which shows Oskar’s conflict of not knowing what he is and not knowing whether he likes it or not. It’s the first time that Oskar sees that the â€Å"rules† can be broken. Ada’s philosophy is that it’s unfair to have so much when others have so little, but she has given up knowing that she can’t possibly hope to change the world. Oskar learns that it is possible to live with shades of grey and values being compromised. Having learned all this Oskar is now ready to meet the most important Black in the story. He is unnamed, perhaps because he is the most important Black and represents all the Blacks and what they have to teach Oskar. Close to death though he is, Mr. Black has done the most living of any of the Blacks or really anyone in the story. He’s loved and lost, fought and won, seen great events unfold and performed small gestures of love. As he said, he’s, â€Å"lived every day of the twentieth century. † Mr. Black represents a more complete picture of Oskar, in a metaphorical sense because he lives in an identical apartment above him, with two floors, representing a wiser man, but also in a literal sense as he has lived a more life. He spent his days working as a journalist, mirroring Oskar’s fixation on analytical thought and desire to get to the truth. Oskar immediately wants to emulate Mr. Black, mentally jotting down everything he says, but as one read on one sees that Oskar not only wants to mimic all the amazing things he’s done with his life, but to gain the knowledge that Mr. Black has accrued in all his years. When Mr. Black tells the story of the Russian artists feeding each other and says, â€Å"That’s the difference between Heaven and Hell. In Hell we starve, in Heaven we feed each other. Oskar without thinking replies, â€Å"I don’t believe in the afterlife,† to which Mr. Black responds, â€Å"Neither do I but I believe in the story. † When the story is told Oskar lets his knowledge get in the way of his understanding of the story, while Mr. Black can also know there’s no afterlife while grasping the larger significance of the story. Oskar gets his n ext lesson in the duality of human nature here. He learns that one can believe in the deeper significance of something without sacrificing his scientific perspective. This is mirrored in the way Mr. Black hammers a nail into his bed every morning, despite it having no significance other than it pleasing him to do so. What is really extraordinary about Mr. Black is he gains is wisdom not from knowing everything as Oskar seems to want to, but by accepting what he doesn’t know. Mr. Black has completely turned off his hearing aids and stopped leaving his apartment, shutting himself off from the world. He realizes his quests and loves are over and that he now needs time to gain wisdom from those experiences. But even this is not the end, for when he meets Oskar he sees himself reflected in the boy and realizes he’s ruminated enough and it’s time to go back out into the world again. Having added a new character into the equation, the next few Blacks reflect not only Oskar but Mr. Black as well, who in turn reflects back onto Oskar. This is shown first by the trip to find Agnes Black. Oskar opens the door on a woman who can’t speak English. Only Mr. Black can talk to her. He laughs and jokes with her and eventually finds out that Agnes Black died in the World trade center the same as Oskar’s father. It’s a very strange dynamic that in Oskar’s quest the two most important people can’t be part of the conversation. Agnes’s only connected, posthumously, to the latina woman and Oskar is connected only through Mr. Black. However, Mr. Black and the latina woman are not only connected by a common language but by the fact that they are both old and decrepit. Even though the two cannot see each other as the latina woman is in a wheel chair and Mr. Black is too tired to go up the stairs, they form a stronger connection by not seeing each other, much in the same way that Oskar and Agnes are connected by the invisible specter of Oskar’s dad. The next few Blacks are gone through quickly. They don’t tell him anything about the key but they tell a little about themselves and therefore a little about Oskar. Albert Black, the actor who moved to New York to be far away, teaches Oskar how you can become someone else. Alice Black, the artist who draws the same man over and over again, gives Oskar a glimpse of dedication, or perhaps obsession. Allen Black, the overqualified doorman who misses his job as an engineer, shows Oskar about taking comfort in the continuity of life, as Allen is comfortable being a doorman as long as it means his son will be a doctor. Arnold Black simply comes across as a jerk, and Oskar had to learn there are jerks out there eventually. Then there were several Blacks which only get a sentence or two in the book. The one that sticks out in my mind is old Chinese man who has â€Å"I heart NY† posters all over his room, but thinks they mean â€Å"I love you. When Oskar points this out he can’t read the expression on Fo Black’s face, saying â€Å"I couldn’t tell what he was feeling, because I couldn’t speak the language. † Georgia Black and her husband live on Staten Island (which can only be reached by ferry, so even going there is a big step for Oskar) and made museums to each other. Oskar gets his first taste here of how human irrationality can make people much happier. There is nothing more irrational than love but Mr. and Mrs. Black dove in head first and never regretted it.

What did the peace of Westphalia entail and how far did it mark a Essay

What did the peace of Westphalia entail and how far did it mark a significant shift in contemporary European international relations - Essay Example As Benjamin Straumann comments, â€Å"This is a notion of sovereignty that is based on an analogy between states and individuals, deriving its force from the application of liberal political theory to the international realm† (Straumann, 2008). The Westphalia agreement is acknowledged to be the beginning of modern International relations (IR) on the basis of the acknowledgment of state sovereignty. In Medieval Europe, feudal authorities occupied a remarkable geographical space accompanied with various political organizations. Networks of rival authorities placed on top in territorial spaces. Church and its authorities often practiced claims to jurisdiction. In the beginning, the Thirty Years War started as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics became a serious battle which included major European forces such as Spain, France, Germany, Sweden and Denmark. Scholars of international relations have widely accepted the Peace of Westphalia as shorthand to determine the system of states which formed the world in the present day. Before the Thirty Years War, European political order was a combination of the traditions of Roman Empire and the Church. The U.S efforts to built Free State in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq highlight the relevance of Westphalia settlement. Historical upbringing: From the Thirty Years’ War to the Westphalia treaty The Thirty years War explore some remarkable changes that happened in the field of international relations and the conflicts related with political organizations and other institutions like church, lords, empires and Pope. The war was a thrash about two major parties like the Universalists and the Particulrists actors. Hendryk Spruyt observes that â€Å"The neither jurisdictions neither discrete jurisdiction overlapped-nor exclusive – different authorities might claim final jurisdiction on the same matter† (Spruyt, 1994). Universalists includes the emperor and Spanish King belonged to the Habsburg dynasty and the Particularist actors having rich ideological and political support from Denmark. In spite of the political support from Denmark, Particularist actors have enjoyed the political and religious support from, Dutch Republic, France, and Sweden as well the German princes. Exponents of Universalists have exposed their faith in Church of Rome and they admitted the power of Pope and the power of Christendom. Andreas Osiander’s quotes showing the prevalence of the conflicts between Universalists and the Particularists. Author reminds that â€Å"These actors rejected imperial over lordship and (for the most part) the authority of the Pope, upholding instead the right of all states to full independence (â€Å"sovereignty†)† (Gale 2001). Universalists have exposed their willingness to entertain Pope’s dominance in determining the sovereignty of states. Unlike Universalists, their opponents have required the formation of a free sovereign state having full independence. Military conflicts caused devastation to the civilian population. Studies have mentioned that â€Å"it is estimated that at least half of the German and Bohemian people lost their lives due to starvation, diseases and brutal attacks from soldiers bent on pillage† (Franca Filho, n.d.). The Peace of Westphalia refers to the couple of agreements named Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriense and the Instrumentum Pacis

Philosophy of Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy of Nursing - Assignment Example Person: As a nurse, I view my patients as people first. Subsequently, I try to engage them in a two way relationship which is based on mutual awareness and dialogue. From my perspective, patients are my partners in the health care process. Although I view patients as being multifaceted and complex beings, I acknowledge that they try to do their best to get better. Also, as a nurse, I tend to engage my patients in the decision making process. As such, authentic connections are established. Further, I prefer the term patient to client while referring to my patients so as to improve the nurse patient relationship. Health: Health as a dynamic process focuses on the patient’s entire physical, aesthetic, moral and social realms. As a nurse, I try to understand the patient’s health status (their social, physical, aesthetic and moral conditions). Thus, I judge or see a patient from his or her own perspective. This perception aids me to comprehend their needs and wants more easily. In addition, viewing patients from their perspective makes them feel that they are being cared for. Most importantly, this perception enables me as a nurse to know how different patients approach stress and how they cope with it. Environment: The environment is often the geography and landscape of a person’s social experience and includes space, quality and time variations. Moreover, the environment is made up of the patient’s societal beliefs, morals, expectations, values and customs. Nightingale (1860) stated that the primary role of a nurse is to place a patient in the right and best conditions for the environment to act upon him. This statement forms a critical and crucial part of my personal philosophy of nursing. Thus, it tends to resonate well with me. In light of Nightingale’s definition of the environment, I comprehend that both the external and internal components make up the environment. The environment element broadens to encompass both the built and

Effects of Alcohol Essay Example for Free

Effects of Alcohol Essay Alcohol is a depressant that affects your vision, coordination, reaction time, multitasking ability, judgment, and decision-making. How can you drive safely if you can’t see, think, and move around well and react quickly? Alcohol affects your ability to identify dangerous situations and make good decisions when you know danger is ahead, and it slows your reaction time even if you do make a good decision. In addition, having alcohol in the body while you’re driving messes up your distance and speed perception, making you see things farther or closer than they really are, or makes you feel like you’re driving the speed limit when you’re really speeding. You need quick decision-making, reflexes, accurate perception, and multitasking skills to drive well and safely. Even one drink can make you an unsafe driver. And remember, driving with any alcohol in your bloodstream or in your car is illegal if you’re under the age of 21. Overall Effects of Alcohol Short-term effects In low doses, alcohol produces: A relaxing effect Reduced tension Lowered inhibitions Poor concentration Slow reflexes Slow reaction time Reduced coordination Slower brain activity Sensations and perceptions that are less clear In medium doses, alcohol produces: Slurred speech Sleepiness Altered emotions Poor vision Sleepiness and disruption of sleeping patterns Increased urine production More blood flow to skin surface Lower core body temperature In high doses, alcohol produces: Vomiting Uncontrolled urination Uncontrolled defecation Breathing difficulties Passing out Alcohol poisoning Coma Possible death Long-term effects of alcohol Disrupts normal brain development; Liver damage and cirrhosis of the liver; Brain cells die, decreasing brain mass; Stomach and intestinal ulcers and destroyed organs; Blood pressure increases, causing heart disease, heart attack, or stroke; Male sperm production decreases; Lower levels of iron and vitamin B, causing anemia; Alcoholism; Death; and Fetal alcohol syndrome in unborn children.

Story about a Baseball Game Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

It had been an unbelievable season so far, we were going into the championship game of junior league with only two losses. Of course, the only other team with a better record than us was the black team. We gave them their only loss on the second game of the regular season. Now, after defeating the better of the Mosinee teams in the semi finals, my dad, who was also the coach of our blue team, had stopped to watch the rest of the game between black and red. As we pulled into the parking lot, Andy Dunst ran up to our truck and said, â€Å"Black is losing in the sixth!† â€Å"Really?† I asked. â€Å"Yah, they’re down 9-6.† As we watched the rest of the game, black just couldn’t seem to get anything going, and the players on our team that were there watching were getting more and more excited. Finally, that last out was made, and we felt that the championship was a lock with our best pitcher going for the championship. All week, I was excited for the game, and finally it was the big day. As we were going through our warm-up routine, everybody was loose and confident. We were fooling around just like it was another game. Players were making jokes, throws were all over the place like always and it seemed like we had been there a thousand times†¦ until the game started. Josh Heinrick was on the mound in the first inning, and red was able to string a couple of hits together and score a couple of runs. â€Å"Lets go guys, it’s still early and we can make up those runs,† encouraged my dad. So, we went up to the plate, I was batting sixth, and went down in order. The team morale had gone from high and confident to rather low and worried. The game dragged on into the fifth inning and we were still behind by three. Now it was time to bear d... ...ssed it! Our team was going crazy. The outfielder was able to throw out the runner going to second and end the inning, but we had the lead going into the top of the final inning. All right, guys, let’s hold them, and we have this one. We control the game now, and it’s ours to lose,† encouraged my dad. Red was down, and they didn’t have anything in the seventh. They went down one, two, three. Our team all ran to the pitcher’s mound and celebrated. It was the best feeling I had ever experienced from baseball. The energy was awesome after the comeback win, and you could tell that red didn’t know what happened. They had us down and out in the second to last inning, but they couldn’t hold on. As they announced our names to get the trophies, we could hardly stand still. As I waited, I was thinking, I will never forget how it felt to win my first championship.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” Essay

Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in the late 1800’s while being treating by the very trusted Weir Mitchell. During this time women were commonly admitted into the care of doctors by their husbands without their given consent. At this time there was very little research concerning Post- Partum Depression. According to the A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia, Post-Partum is moderate to extreme depression women may experience after giving birth. The symptoms include fearfulness, restlessness, and anxiety- all of which are displayed by Jane in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Gilman was advised by Dr. Mitchell to stop writing and rest, only partaking in â€Å"household† activities. She was not to visit with friends or go outside much. Contesting to these rules, Gilman ended treatment with Mitchell and wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† with the hopes of shedding much needed light on the ineffectiveness of his strategies. The mental condition of many women often worsened due the general population’s lack of consideration involving a woman’s outspoken opinion involving the betterment of her own health. Carol Kessler writes in â€Å"Consider Her Ways: The Cultural Work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Pragmatopian Stories, 1908-1913,† â€Å"The utopian fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman takes on as its â€Å"cultural work† the demonstration that women are not confined to one traditional mode of being–wife/motherhood–but can fill as varied social roles as can male counterparts† (126). Kessler is stating Gilman’s writing is not only a statement against the mental health practices concerning women, but also includes other issues that were dominated by a patriarchal society. Denise D. Knight suggests in her essay â€Å"I Am Getting Angry Enough to do Something Desperate,† that Jane’s behavior at the end is â€Å"an expression of the tremendous rage she feels toward her husband, John† (78). This statement is evidence suggesting that women were well aware of the need for a change involving these matters. Gilman uses the yellow wallpaper to symbolize the psychological, sexual and creative oppression women experienced during Gilman’s contemporary times. Jane’s â€Å"condition† is revealed to the reader at the beginning of the story. Jane has just arrived at the â€Å"vacation† home and is writing secretly since John forbids it. She writes of John, â€Å"You see, he does not believe I am sick!† (Gilman 173). This quote indicates to the audience that Jane’s voice is of no importance next to John’s. Jane continues to voice her opinion about her illness and what she believes could cure her. John blatantly ignores any suggestions she may have concerning her own health, appearing heartless and cold. This is very clear when Jane initially voices dislike for the room with the yellow wallpaper, in which she is assigned to stay. Jane writes, â€Å"I don’t like our room one bit. I wanted one downstairs that opened on the piazza †¦but John would not hear of it!† (Gilman 174). Gilman allows the audience a glimpse at the symbolism of the wallpaper at this point. Jane mentions her dislike of the room with the yellow wallpaper as soon as she is introduced to it. Upon bringing this discomfort to John’s attention she is sufficed with a promise to replace it. However, John later breaks his promise with the reasoning that they will only be there three months. The creeping feeling Jane experiences concerning the wallpaper symbolizes the mental instability she feels looming over her. John convinces Jane there is nothing wrong with the room and refuses to move her even though she requests he do so. When Jane persists she writes of his response to her, â€Å"But John says if I feel so, I shall neglect proper self-control; so I take pains to control myself† (Gilman 174). Jane is forced to h ide her feelings and worsening condition, as well as her writing. This interaction between the two characters demonstrates how many women during this time period were not to have opinions or preferences. This scene displays the lack of self-expression and freedom women encountered. Creativity in women was not widely accepted in Gilman’s society and was often deemed improbable. In one of Jane’s entries she describes, â€Å"There comes John, and I must put this away he hates to have me write a word† (Gilman 175). This sentence is powerful because the written word is often more powerful than the spoken word. Women were rarely given the luxury of speaking freely, much less writing freely. John’s reluctance to allow Jane to write illustrates the narrow minded ideals men had concerning women. In â€Å"Why I Wrote the Yellow Wallpaper,† Gilman writes that Dr. Mitchell, â€Å" concluded there was nothing much the matter with me, and sent me home with solemn advice to â€Å"live as domestic a life as far as possible,â₠¬  to â€Å"have but two hours’ intellectual life a day,† and â€Å"never to touch pen, brush or pencil again as long as I lived’†(51). Both Gilman and Jane were creative women that used writing as therapy to express what others around them could not understand. Jane’s journal and her writing symbolize the creative talents and intelligence many women were capable of but were forced to conceal. Gilman contradicts the idea of women being married to make great â€Å"mothers† with the statement, â€Å"And yet I cannot be with him† (Gilman 177). Jane is referring to her infant son. The possibility that a woman could want more from life other than to marry and have children was an almost impossible notion at the time. In â€Å"Gilman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’: A Centenary† Linda Wagner- Martin writes, â€Å"Of these many conflicts inherent in women’s trying to lead acceptable female lives, perhaps the most troublesome is that of motherhood, its attendant responsibilities, and its almost inevitable loss of self-identity† (52). The A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia sugg ests that a common cause of Post-Partum Depression in women is the decreasing amount of time they have to themselves after having a child. Women of brighter minds were often misplaced in this type of society. Many artists feel an undeniable obligation to their work, often taking time away from their families. It was impossible for artistic women to prosper when their prime purpose in life was to marry and have children. Knight writes, â€Å"Gilman demonstrates how stifling the cult of domesticity was for intelligent women† (78). Jennie, Jane’s caretaker, represents this idea. Jane writes of Jennie, â€Å"She is a perfect and enthusiastic housekeeper, and hopes for no better profession† (Gilman 178). Jennie’s characteristics and tendency to stay out of Jane’s business resembles a fear felt by many women. While it was common for many intelligent women to become depressed due to creative and psychological oppression, fear often quieted any desires for change. It was widely understood that any woman who tried to live otherwise would just as easily end up in Jane’s predicament. Martin writes of the matter, â€Å" The point, obviously, is that society expects women to be fulfilled through motherhood, and that women who question their roles as mothers, who complain or are angry about those roles, are suspect if not beyond human comprehension† (63). In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Jane’s behavior often reflects this idea that women longed for the opportunity to choose their life occupation, rather than being assigned it. Sexual oppression of women is also touched on in this piece. John often goes away for a work and even when he visits, there is minimal physical contact between him and Jane. Judith A. Allen writes in â€Å"Reconfiguring Vice: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Prostitution, and Frontier Sexual Contracts,† â€Å"Gilman shared in a common, international, late nineteenth-century feminist critique of marriage and of other sexual economic contracts† (173). Gilman’s very opinionated statements regarding women’s freedoms clearly extended to their sexual needs as well as emotional needs. While it was often expected for women to stay behind and tend to the children while the men were away at work, it was often overlooked how these physical absences affected them. It was socially acceptable for a man to appease his sexual appetite with other women while he was away, but not for his wife to do the same with other men. This was taxing on many women. When John is visiting Jane one night, he simply scoops her up and takes her to bed, where he reads to her until she is tired and ready for bed. Jane appears to be too ill to confront her sexual desires like many women of the time. Her relationship described with John is surfaced. Since there is a lack of a physical relationship between the two, there appears to be no relationship at all. This clarifies the belief that women were married off to produce children and please their husbands. Once Jane begins taking notice of the wallpaper itself, the tone of the story takes a dive. While the tone of the story begins somewhat light hearted and seemingly harmless, there is still a hint of foreshadowing. It is when Jane becomes obsessed the audience becomes aware of how terrible her condition truly is. It is almost used as a mockery of John’s ignorance throughout the entire story. The narrator writes, â€Å"There are things in that paper that nobody knows about but me, or ever willâ €  (Gilman180). This is when Jane is realizing the figure in the wallpaper in fact is a woman and she appears to be behind bars. The symbolism here is that no one can understand how Jane is feeling, including the other women around her. As time goes on John tells Jane things such as, â€Å"You are gaining flesh and color,† and â€Å"I feel much easier about you† (Gilman181). Rather than asking Jane how she feels, he is telling her. The irony is Jane’s willingness to accept being told how to act, feel, and live. Based on the mockery provided by the narrator, John does not truly understand what Jane needs, considering he, like everyone else involved, does not view women as people capable of reasoning and complex feelings. This idea was prevalent to the society throughout that time period. The phrase â€Å"dear John† is mentioned throughout the story, indicating the importance of John to Jane. As Jane’s condition and obsession with the wallpaper worsen, her strength d ecreases as well. She is forced increasingly rely on others, including John. She writes of John, â€Å"Dear John! He loves me very dearly and hates to have me sick† (Gilman 180). The irony is how little of importance Jane appears to have in John’s life. He has a routine written for Jennie and Jane to follow throughout the day while he’s away. One of the nights he is visiting, Jane writes, â€Å"He said I was his darling and his comfort and all he had† (Gilman 180). These words have an empty meaning. If Jane were the only thing John had, he would have paid more attention to her and realized she was not getting better in the least. This supports the then popular belief that women would be content with simply being told what they want to hear. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† there are statements made against the male physicians that were so highly admired among communities during Gilman’s time. Jane writes, â€Å"John is a physician and perhaps that is one reaso n I do not get well faster† (Gilman 173). Jane is admitting that a woman’s duty to submit to her husband gets in the way of her need to be persistent concerning her health. This observation is ironic and bold. It argues the mockery in the situation. John, as a doctor, is held up to such high standards, yet he has no idea what is really going on with this woman. The story is ridiculing society’s idea of â€Å"intelligence.† John makes the mistake of treating Jane as if something is wrong with her. However, the humor is in the doctors’ inability to figure out that women are simply composed of the same emotional capabilities as men. It is also necessary to pay special to attention the symbolism of name choice in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† John and Jane can allude to â€Å"Jane Doe† and â€Å"John Doe.† If this is the case, both could be identified as of no particular importance to the audience. A Jane or John Doe are unidentified people. Gilman did not feel the need to give the se characters any specific names that would identify them with a particular characteristic or trait. Their situation is unidentified, and their situation was very common for that time. John’s disregard for Jane’s claims of her slow descent into a worsening mental condition was a common practice for doctors regarding women. Often when a woman needed or wanted something, she had no other choice but to acquire the assistance of her husband. In the instance of Jane needing alternative means of medical care, her only hope would have been John. Naturally John did not listen to her protests. Gilman is stating that both men and women should have an equal say in marriage. Kessler writes, â€Å"The ‘partnership’ society that Eisler defines seems already to have been present in the â€Å"pragmatopian† imagination of Charlotte Perkins Gilman as revealed in her turn-of-the-century fiction, especially the short stories: the alternative or partner-oriented gender roles she depicts could be realized or attained then or in the present-day society that we know† (126). There were also many marriages lacking the understanding John clearly does not display. This coincides with the idea that many women who were married to many men at that time experienced the oppression Jane feels and were met with the same ignorance John displays. At the end of the story Jane writes, â€Å"For outside you have to creep on the ground, and everything is green instead of yellow† (Gilman 188). This has a childlike feel to it. Earlier in the story, when Jane is trying to talk to John about how she is feeling he replies with, â€Å"What is it, little girl?† (Gilman 181). The last scene of the story describes Jane as this crazy woman, but it has her creeping around the ground like a child. In â€Å"Environment as Psychopathological Symbolism in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper,’† Loralee MacPikew writes, â€Å"The fact that the narrator’s prison-room is a nursery indicates her status in society. The woman is legally a child; socially, economic ally, and philosophically she must be led by an adult–her husband† (286). One day when Jane is stuck in her room alone, she reverts to her childhood while staring at the wallpaper, giving a description of a vivid memory. She writes, â€Å"I never saw so much expression in an inanimate thing before, and we all know how much expression they have! I used to lie awake as a child and get more entertainment and terror out of blank walls and plain furniture than most children could find in a toy-store† (Gilman 177). These behaviors revert to the idea that even as children, females were facing emotional neglect. It also supports the idea Jane was often treated like children by their husbands, posing the question how could she be expected to be a â€Å"good† mother if she herself was not permitted to act like an adult. Gilman’s decision to make the wallpaper yellow as opposed to any other color is interesting. Yellow is often viewed as a neutral color concerning gender. This may be connected to Gilman’s outcry of the belief that women ar e inferior to men concerning creative, emotional, and intelligent capability. Once Jane begins to acknowledge the wallpaper, her descriptions of it become more detailed. She describes it, â€Å"looked at in one way, each breadth stands alone; the bloated curves and flourishes- a kind of â€Å"debased Romanesque† with delirium tremens- go waddling up and down in isolated columns of fatuity† (Gilman 179). The words â€Å"delirium tremens† (Gilman 179) indicate how the wallpaper concurs with Jane’s worsening condition. Colors have often been known to manipulate a person’s mood. Following this belief, yellow is known to promote communication. This is an ironic symbol, considering John did not listen to Jane in the least. There are many times he overlooks her feelings or statements. At the beginning of the story Jane claims to feel something strange about the house. When she brings this to John’s attention he says what she â€Å"felt was a draught, and shut the window† (Gilman 174). Clearly John’s inability to listen to Jane discourages her to speak of anything at all to him. In â€Å"Consider Her W ays,† Kessler writes, â€Å"By refusing to accept definitions of traditional â€Å"male† and â€Å"female† roles, and instead of offering clear alternatives to such mainstream notions, Gilman forces readers to question boundaries defining behavior assumed acceptable on the basis of gender† (126). This statement supports the notion that Gilman believed that both men and women should share all household responsibilities, including working and raising children. The satirical symbolism at the end of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is astounding. It does a great job of surprising and shocking the audience. It leaves this image imprinted of a crazy lady taking a bite out of a bed and creeping around her husband. Once Jane believes she is the lady inside the wallpaper, she writes, â€Å"and I don’t want to have anybody in, till John comes. I want to astonish him† (Gilman 187). At this point her anger is apparent. The narrator is clearly pointing fingers at who is to blame for her current predicament. She is comparable to a child throwing a tantrum. It’s almost as if Jane is assuming the behaviors of a role she has been given, which is no different than what she does from the beginning of the story. She does what she is told. However, John often refers to her as everything but a woman. Naturally this mentality was bound to catch on. Jane also had no other means of escape from her world. John refused to allow her to go anywhere. It was almost as if she were a child being grounded. When children are forced to stay inside they use their imaginations as entertainment. To do this is human nature, and Jane is no exception. There is also attention to be paid to the bars described in the wallpaper. Jane writes, â€Å"at night in any kind of light, in twilight, candlelight, lamplight, and worst of all by moonlight, it becomes bars!† (Gilman 182). The bars symbolize all the oppression felt by Jane. As the progression of Jane’s condition worsens, the appearance of the bars becomes more prominent. Once Jane discovers the bars, she notices the woman in the wallpaper, â€Å"The outside pattern, I mean, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be† (Gilman 182). This quote refers to the unawareness John and other men of the time displayed concerning women. Gilman is making a statement against how obvious it is that Jane knows what she needs more so than her husband. This scenario was common among many women during that time period. It is also an outcry against a woman’s inability to practice self-expression. Once Jane decides to try and help the woman escape from the wallpaper (and becomes the woman herself), she peels off all the paper so she cannot be put back. Once John gets into the room she says to him, â€Å"’I’ve got out at last,’ said I,† in spite of you and Jane! And I’ve pulled of most of the paper, so you can’t put me back!’† (Gilman 189). This statement could be interpreted as Gilman’s creative self being defiant against the rules set up by a patriarchal society. While this last scene can be understood as haunting and disturbing, it almost seems as if Jane is getting the last laugh in the end. Her husband who is â€Å"successfully† a physician has failed his own wife. Jane’s road to insanity was brought on by her husband’s â€Å"trusted† tactics. Shortly after the story was published, Weir Mitchell was forced to re-evaluate his tactics used on â€Å"mentally unstable† women. There were many patriarchal barriers facing women when â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written. Gilman does an extraordinary job of displaying the horrors that resulted from this complex and delicate subject. The image of a woman behind bars in yellow wallpaper could not be more appropriate to convey such an important message. This short story demonstrates the feeling of entrapment and misplacement many creative and intelligent women felt during Gilman’s time. The yellow wallpaper is a strong symbol of a declaration of independence, creativity, and self-expression in a society where such notions were much too often withheld from the female population.

Dangers of Childhood Immunizations Essay

Evidence Supporting Thesis â€Å"In order to understand the ‘safety’ of vaccines, you have to know several things, including how a baby’s immune system works from birth onwards, and what vaccines do biochemically in the body. That work has never been done.† Found in the book Just a Little Prick by Hilary Butler No one medical treatment will work the same way on every person it is used on, so why would we expect for generalized vaccines to work the same way in every child? It is merely impossible to know how your child’s immune system will respond to vaccines, but there are consequences set in place for parents like myself who do not believe in giving annual vaccines. For example: if your child’s vaccines are not up to date, then your child is not allowed to go to school, be involved in team sports, and a host of other activities. Main Points Studies have not been done to show how each individual vaccine affects the body in both positive and negative ways. Alternative measures should be available for those parents who are against vaccinating their children. More studies need to be conducted to see what role, if any, vaccinations play in the behavioral aspect of a child’s development. Studies have not been done to show how each individual vaccine affects the body in both positive and negative ways. What are the positive effects that vaccines have on a child’s body? Vaccines can help to prevent some of the serious complications that occur as a result of serious diseases. Vaccines help to ensure that if a child comes in contact with a disease, they will only develop a mild case of the disease versus a child never having the vaccine who develops a natural immunity to the disease which will in turn cause the non-vaccinated child to have very severe complications. Varicella Infection leads to Pneumonia if no vaccine has been given. Polio Infection leads to permanent paralysis if no vaccine has been given. Mumps Infection could lead to deafness and infertility in young boys if no vaccine has been given. Hib infection can lead to permanent brain damage if no vaccine has been given. Vaccinations help to build immunity to diseases that may be foreign strains of normal diseases. * *   What are the negative effects that vaccines have on a child’s body? Because there have not been any studies on the exact biochemical effect that vaccines have on a child’s body, there is not much supporting evidence to why vaccines are negative. However, there are some studies that suggest that vaccines may be closely tied to various behavior problems such as adhd, add, and the ever controversial autism. It has been proven that vaccines cause mild side effects such as swelling, fever, flu-like symptoms, and in more severe cases: seizures. Alternative measures should be available to parents who are opposed to vaccinating their children. The bottom line School age children are required to have up-to-date vaccinations before being allowed to attend school. There aren’t any alternative options for parents who do not believe in vaccinating their children Children are not allowed to attend school. Children are not allowed to participate in group activities such as team sports, and clubs. Are we really harming our children by vaccinating them? Studies have not been done to show how each individual vaccine affects the body in both positive and negative ways. Alternative measures should be available for those parents who are against vaccinating their children. * 3.More studies need to be conducted to see what role, if any, vaccinations play in the behavioral aspect of a child’s development.

Continental Philosophy Essay

Continental Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers Continental philosophy developed on the European continent as a result of the philosophy of Georg Hegel. Hegel built onto the ideas of Kant, and argued that everything is a construct of reason. He claimed that his system of philosophy was a culmination of all previous philosophical thought. Hegel’s philosophy is referred to as Absolute Idealism, which basically gave meaning to every aspect of life, the world, and the cosmos; we further argued that everything is interconnected. He also argued that life, humans, and the world around us are rational. Much of what happened to philosophy in Europe was a direct result of the philosophies of Hegel. The result on the European continent was Existentialism and phenomenology. Existentialism One of the main themes of existentialism is that the world is irrational and absurd, or at the very least beyond total comprehension. Existentialist philosophers also believed that human existence is plagued by anxiety, dread, self-doubt, and despair, brought on by senselessness, emptiness, triviality, separation, and the inability to communicate. Existentialist philosophers argued that humans choose how he or she lives in this absurd and irrational world. Existentialism can be thought of as the twentieth-century analogue of nineteenth-century romanticism. The two movements have in common the demand that the whole fabric of life be recognized and taken into account in our thinking and acting. As such they express a form of resistance to reductionist analyses of life and its meaning for human beings. But there are also significant differences. Existentialism is typically focused on individual human lives and the poignant inevitability of suffering and choice for each individual whereas romanticism tended to be more oriented to the whole of nature and saw human beings as a part of that wider picture. Furthermore, romanticism flourished before the wars and genocides of the twentieth century whereas existentialism is born amid those horrors. The philosophical existentialists divide roughly between the atheistic and the religious. SÃ ¸ren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) is often considered to be the father of them all, but Friedrich Nietzsche is a crucial figure at the origins of the developing line of atheistic existentialism. Religious existentialists included both Jews such as Martin Buber (1878-1965) and Christians such as Paul Tillich (1886-1965). Other religious existentialists include Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Marcel, and Karl Rahner. The atheistic existentialists include Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) though he denied that he was an existentialist, and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). The philosophy of existentialism was a response to social ills of the times; the concept was also embraced by artists. Both Albert Campus and John-Paul Sartre were not only existentialist philosophers but also artists, writing novels, drama, and political statements. Both of the philosophers felt it was important to distribute their ideas and philosophies into society in the hope of having an influence on world events. Both were involved in the French Resistance during World War II against the German fascists. Both of them felt that; despite their shared believe that live is absurd, social action is necessary. They also felt that an understanding of current world events and political forces was essential. Phenomenology Phenomenology is a philosophical movement based on the investigation of ‘phenomena’ rather than on the existence of anything outside of human consciousness. Phenomenology was founded in the early years of the 20th century by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl, who hoped to return philosophy to concrete experience and to reveal the essential structures of consciousness. In an amended form, Husserls phenomenology was developed by his student Martin Heidegger, and became an important influence on existentialism and the modern tradition of hermeneutics. Husserl desired to reaffirm Europe’s fleeting belief in the possibility of certainty by inventing a science that studies the structures that are the same for every being. To this end he developed transcendental phenomenology. It was the purpose of transcendental phenomenology to investigate phenomena without making assumptions about the world. Husserl referred to this form of investigation as phenomenological reduction. The purpose is to examine the meaning produced by pure impersonal consciousness and to describe the human life-world in terms of those things which all human beings share, essences. Martin Heidegger is acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20th century, but also the most controversial. He made contributions to many fields, such as phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, political theory, psychology theology, and postmodernism. His main concern was ontology or the study of being. In his fundamental treatise, Being and Time, he attempted to access being by means of phenomenological analysis of human existence in respect to its temporal and historical character. In his later works Heidegger had stressed the nihilism of modern technological society, and attempted to win western philosophical tradition back to the question of being. He placed an emphasis on language as the vehicle through which the question of being could be unfolded, and on the special role of poetry. His writings are notoriously difficult. Being and Time remains still his most influential work. These two conversations or traditions of philosophy developed as a response to Hegelian idealism. This idea that everything is a construct of reason caused great thinkers to emerge to provide their ideas about the subject. Many of these great thinkers lived during times of turmoil, such as World War I, and World War II, it would have been hard to see that everything has a reason or logic behind it. References The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2007). Retrieved July 14, 2007, from iep.utm.edu/c/ Research Papers on Continental Philosophy EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeGenetic EngineeringCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is Art

Free Essays on Yoga And Its Benefits

YOGA AND ITS BENEFITS Many health and lifestyle benefits are associated with the practice of Yoga. However, it is impossible to understand the attainment of these benefits without explaining the classical form of Yoga, Ashtanga Yoga, as a way of life, the philosophy it is based on, and the eight methods that makes it up. Yoga is a way of life whose creation and systemization is credited to Maharishi Patanjali. According to Patanjali, the basic idea of yoga is to unite the atma or individual soul with the paramatma or the Universal Soul. According to Yoga philosophy, by cleansing one's mind and controlling one's thought processes one can return to that primeval state, when the individual self was nothing but a part of the Divine Self. This is the sense encapsulated in the term samadhi. The aim of the yogi is to be able to perceive the world in its true light and to accept that truth in its entirety. The term 'yoga' stands for 'union'. A yogi's ultimate aim is to be able to attain this 'union' with the Eternal Self with the help of certain mental and physical exercises. Different schools of thought have been derived from Ashtanga Yoga, but they all adhere to different applications of the Ashtanga discipline, and are all ultimately aimed at liberation of the soul and an understanding of the Divine Un ity. For the purposes of this paper, the understanding of the benefits that can be derived from Yoga, only and in-depth discussion of Ashtanga Yoga is necessary. The Patanjala Yoga philosophy is also known as Ashtanga Yoga and is the practical manifestation of the Sankhya and Vedantic philosophies. It is an attempt to understand the nature of the mind, including â€Å"Its different states of being, impediments to growth, afflictions and the methods of harnessing it for the achievement of absolute self realization†. Sankhya philosophy assigns three functions to the mental body: mind, intelligence and false knowledge. Vedanta a... Free Essays on Yoga And Its Benefits Free Essays on Yoga And Its Benefits YOGA AND ITS BENEFITS Many health and lifestyle benefits are associated with the practice of Yoga. However, it is impossible to understand the attainment of these benefits without explaining the classical form of Yoga, Ashtanga Yoga, as a way of life, the philosophy it is based on, and the eight methods that makes it up. Yoga is a way of life whose creation and systemization is credited to Maharishi Patanjali. According to Patanjali, the basic idea of yoga is to unite the atma or individual soul with the paramatma or the Universal Soul. According to Yoga philosophy, by cleansing one's mind and controlling one's thought processes one can return to that primeval state, when the individual self was nothing but a part of the Divine Self. This is the sense encapsulated in the term samadhi. The aim of the yogi is to be able to perceive the world in its true light and to accept that truth in its entirety. The term 'yoga' stands for 'union'. A yogi's ultimate aim is to be able to attain this 'union' with the Eternal Self with the help of certain mental and physical exercises. Different schools of thought have been derived from Ashtanga Yoga, but they all adhere to different applications of the Ashtanga discipline, and are all ultimately aimed at liberation of the soul and an understanding of the Divine Un ity. For the purposes of this paper, the understanding of the benefits that can be derived from Yoga, only and in-depth discussion of Ashtanga Yoga is necessary. The Patanjala Yoga philosophy is also known as Ashtanga Yoga and is the practical manifestation of the Sankhya and Vedantic philosophies. It is an attempt to understand the nature of the mind, including â€Å"Its different states of being, impediments to growth, afflictions and the methods of harnessing it for the achievement of absolute self realization†. Sankhya philosophy assigns three functions to the mental body: mind, intelligence and false knowledge. Vedanta a...

Postmodern Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Postmodern Work - Essay Example This is a prerequisite for that vital characteristic known as modern intelligence. However, the drawback with the theory is that it. The philosopher Richard Tarnas has claimed that post-modernism could not stand on its own values ultimately if we take out the metaphysical impressions on which it has shaped itself and it takes modernism as a fake reality. Post-modernism is referred to as post-modern because it literally refers to everything after modernity. It deals with the new theories and the new sets that need to be evolved with the passage of time because the requirements of the new century and the challenges posed by this new are completely different from those that were posed by the previous ones. Thus, there is a vital need of new theories and a new set of ideas to prove and solve the problems that we encounter in the new world. The knowledge in the modern societies is signified by the use it has. It's also different in the way it is collated, gathered, arranged and stored in postmodern society when compared to the modern societies. The use of computers and the role of information technology has increased greatly in the societies of today. It has specially helped in the modes of knowledge that have now changed in terms of distribution and creation and also the way in which it's used or consumed. For some, post-modernism is synonymous with the start of the computer era that began in 1960s and revolutionized all aspects of modern life and social life. Profile of Artist: Patrick CaulfieldIs He Postmodern Patrick Caulfield was a British artist who was an important artist of the last 50 years. He mostly deals with the pop artistry like prints and so on. He could be referred to as a postmodern artist because of the characteristics of his art. He was a 'pop' artist, the artist of today. Many people could relate to his art, especially the younger population who identified with him and his art. We could call his work postmodern because he deals with the digital themes and so on and so forth. His work is very computerized and digital. Also, he is familiar with the modern themes and talks frequently about them in his art pieces. He is post-modern because he is very 20th century and is after modernity. He is also got a modern appeal with his audiences and admirers. He is also post-modern because he is multi-dimensional and deals with myriad themes and topics. Again, it is a vital characteristic of the post-modern period. He gets abstract at times and direct at others thus allowing a diversity of themes and modes and styles to take over. Here we have an artist of the last past half century who is post-modern as hinted by his work. In a sentence, Patrick Caulfield is the voice of modern art and the illustration below shall graphically tell us the way his work was done and also the various important post-modern characteristics evident in his art. "In postmodern societies, anything which is not

Critical thinking in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical thinking in management - Essay Example Moreover, it is significant to understand that employees because play a great role among other defining factors. The question will be answered by including all the main arguments, the theories, authors who have contributed in their knowledge and understanding and case examples to illustrate the above arguments. Further, the question requires annotated bibliography and it will be provided at the end of the essay. Essay body Organisational behavior is a field which studies how people think, act and feel within a setting of an organisation (Sapru 2008). Outstanding managers have been identified and they possess four types of skills, which allow them to handle the process of behavior management effectively (Sapru 2008: 276). These steps include; being familiar with behavioral challenge, the ability to pick out the causes of current behavior, identifying a strategy for attaining behavioral goals, and the ability to implement and adjust the chosen strategy as required (Parler & Ritson 2005 : 1276). These are the pillars of management theory as discussed by Hartley (2006), Tsukamoto-Wagner (2008), and Brownlie et al (2008). On the other hand, guru theory is based on the assumption that the gurus promote maxims, which specify the behavior rules, but they never increase the managers’ competence as in the works of Bos & Heusinkveld (2007), Collins (2001), Parler and Ritson (2005), and Barabba et al (2002). However, the theory is significant when applied from the manager’s side. Organizational behavior in management is best handled using behavioral theories that are well discussed by Bucklin et al (2000) and Baron and Greenberg (2008). This field of study was created around 1900 and its major perspectives have included scientific management (Tsukamoto-Wagner 2008: 361), human relations approach (Van de Ven 2003), and contingency approach as the latest (MANAGE 2012: 1). According to the analyses of Wallach (1983: 32), Alvero et al. (2000: 43), and Tompkins (20 05: 398), the contingency approach recognises organisational behavior as a complex field of study, driven by different characters. Managers in organisations need to understand this and develop their personal answers to some extent. Fayol’s theory of competitive strategy is said to be advocated by foyol for management education, both as a profession and a discipline. In this case, Yoo et al (2006: 360), Wright (2006) Williams (2003), The Wisest (2011), Collins (2003), and Black et al. (1992) approached the competative strategy theory from different perspectives. The diversity of this theory makes it compartible with many other approaches and when blended, any organisation will be able to achieve a working successful behavior. Findings A combination of Organisational behavior management with the other theories is the best aspect of managing organisations (Wallach 1983: 32). This is significant because there is no signle theory that can be said to solve all managerial challenges or to be applied successfully in managerial behavior. Therefore, the approach requires application of psychological principles of organisational be