Polish Surname Meanings and Origins

With more than 38.5 million inhabitants, Poland  has the seventh-largest population in Europe. Many more millions of Polish nationals and people with Polish ancestry live around the world. If youre one of them, you might wonder about the meaning of your last name.  As with the majority of European surnames, most Polish surnames fall into one of three categories: toponymic, patronymic/matronymic, and cognominal. To learn more about your family name, read on. Toponymic Surnames   Toponymic last names are typically derived from a geographical or topographical location. For instance, some names are derived from the homestead where the first bearer of that name and his family lived. In the case of nobility, surnames were often taken from the names of familial estates. Other place names that  were adapted into surnames include towns, countries, and even geographical features. While you might think such surnames could lead you to your ancestral village, often thats not the case. This is because, over the course of history, many places in Poland have shared the same name, while other locales have changed names over time, were subdivisions of a local village or estate too small to be found on a map—or simply disappeared altogether. Surnames ending in the letters owski usually derive from place names ending with y, ow, owo, or owa.   Example:  Cyrek Gryzbowski, meaning  Cyrek from the town of Gryzbow. Patronymic and  Matronymic Surnames Surnames in this category are usually derived from the first name of a male ancestor, although some are derived from the first name of a wealthy or well-respected female ancestor. Such surnames with suffixes such as  icz, wicz, owicz, ewicz, and  ycz usually mean son of. As a rule, Polish surnames that include a suffix with the letter k  (czak, czyk, iak, ak, ek,  ik, and yk) have a similar meaning which translates to either little or son of. The same is true for the suffixes yc and ic, which are most commonly found in names of eastern Polish origin. Examples: Pawel Adamicz, meaning Paul, son of Adam; Piotr  Filipek, meaning Peter, son of Philip. Cognominal Surnames There are two basic types of cognominal surnames. The first category encompasses names that are based on a persons occupation. Some of the most common occupational surnames are derived from what were traditionally the most prominent professions in Polish society throughout history. These include blacksmith (Kowalski), tailor (Krawczyk), innkeeper (Kaczmarek), carpenter (CieÅ›lak), wheelwright (KoÅ‚odziejski), and cooper (Bednarz). Example: MichaÅ‚Â  Krawiec, meaning Michael the tailor. Descriptive surnames, on the other hand, were often derived from nicknames or pet names that highlighted either a physical attribute or personality trait of the original name bearer. Example:  Jan Wysocki, meaning Tall John. 50 Common Polish Last Names Surnames with the  ski  suffix and its cognates cki  and  zki make up almost 35 percent  of the 1,000 most popular Polish names. The presence of these suffixes almost always denotes Polish origin. The most common Polish surnames are listed below. NowakKowalskiWiÅ›niewskiDabrowskiKaminskiKowalcyzkZielinskiSymanskiWozniakKozlowskiWojciechowskiKwiatkowskiKaczmarekPiotrowskiGrabowskiNowakowskiPawlowskiMichalskiNowickiAdamczykDudekZajacWieczorekJablonskiKrolMajewskiOlszewskiJaworskiPawlakWalczakGorskiRutkowskiOstrowskiDudaTomaszewskiJasinskiZawadzkiChmielewskiBorkowskiCzarneckiSawickiSokolowskiMaciejewskiSzczepanskiKucharskiKalinowskiWysockiAdamskiSobczakCzerwinski

In Psychology, Nature Versus Nurture Is One Of The Oldest

In psychology, nature versus nurture is one of the oldest arguments in human development. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the author portrayed how money was the difference between a poor man, George Wilson, and a wealthy man, Tom Buchanan. The novel explored the differences in wealth nurtured tendencies versus nature predominant actions, displayed in how the men showed their disrespect toward women, violent dispositions, and attitudes toward infidelities, which occurred within their marriages. Wilson tended to have a better sense of mortality, but was not respected by others. In contrast, Buchanan was a man who ignored common principles and demanded respect even when it was not owed. Fitzgerald revealed to us that human†¦show more content†¦This revealed his deeper selfishness and drive to dominate those around him. While the money involved in their lives created those indifferences, the true nature of both men was also revealed in their actions. Wilson, regardless of being treated poorly by Myrtle, showed he still honored his vows and the sanctity of his marriage.In contrast, Buchanan’s actions showed that he did not respect his wife, Myrtle, or societal expectations as a whole. Both men showed traits of being violent and impetuous. By nature, Buchanan was a manipulative person who wanted to keep what he felt was his. Through wealth and experience he knew he could use Wilson to assist him with reaching his desires.Buchanan sought to rid himself of Gatsby, the man his wife had become infatuated with. Buchanan informed Wilson it was Gatsby who owned the yellow car which struck and killed Myrtle. As Buchanan hoped, Wilson, out of anger, confusion, and ignorance, instantly hunted down Gatsby. Without questioning the situation, or allowing Gatsby to explain himself, he shot the antagonist then turned the gun and killed himself.To express the pure absurdity of the situation, Fitzgerald had Nick state, â€Å"the gardener saw Wilson’s body a little way off in the grass, and the holocaust was complete† (Fitzgerald 162). Wilson allowed his violent, impetuous nature to overcome common sense when he killed Gatsby forShow MoreRelatedNature Vs Nurture Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs Nurture The discussion about nature and nurture can be considered one of the oldest problems in psychology, the main question of which is: Are human traits present at birth or are they developing through experience? (Meyers, 2013). The natural side of the discussion asserts that the facial features and the way of their development strictly through DNA and genetics are transmitted by parents and grandparents. 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Fast Authentication Approach on Mobile Devices-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss abouts the Fast Authentication Approach on Mobile Devices. Answer: Feng et al. (2012) in their paper have attempted at solving the problems associated with the authentication of the smartphones. To achieve the objective, the authors have devised a technology for easy and secure authentication of the mobile devices. The devised technology goes by the name of FAST (Finger-gestures Authentication System Using Touchscreen). The technology extracts touch data from touch enabled smartphones, for the deemed purpose the subject equips a digitised sensor glove that was developed with assistance from off-the-shelf components. The paper has been well documented in 5 different sections (excluding the introduction and conclusion) with specified purpose for each of them. The first of the above mentioned five sections is the Background section where the authors have cited references to different factors and terms that are associated with the development of the subject of the paper. An elaborate idea of the FAR (False Accept Rate) and FRR (False Reject Ratio) and what level should be maintained for the security of the device. Followed by the other factor that will affect the technology that is the classifiers. The technology is based on the classification algorithm and hence the discussion. Following that the next section The FAST Framework and Design. describes on how the past works were explored to design the most suitable solution for the considered problem. The deemed section also offers an insight into the working of the developed technology. The sections suggest that FAST gathers some specific touch gesture data such as the X and Y coordinates, the pressure applied on the touch points, motion speed of the touch, finger motion direction along with multi-point distance out of the 53 features of touch gesture. The collected data are then stored in two separate databases, one of which is training of the classifiers and the others for testing. As stated earlier the deemed technology monitors the touch gesture which it latter optimises together to determine the users authentication approach. Two sections following the above-discussed section are the experimental sections where the experiments were done to evaluate the technology and cite the results of the experiment. The results support the facts claimed by the authors and clarity of the results are visible from the graphs and stats offered by them. Finally, the authors have showered some light on the related work over the problem they have attempted at solving before concluding the paper. The authors have devised the report with appropriate structuring to make it easy for the readers in understanding their objective. The development of the technology has also been explained appropriately by discussing the facts, factors and the stats associated with the development process. However, the authors have limited the discussion over the factors to their basics and have not offered a more precise definition of the roles that those factors will play in the technology. The future of the technology, how they plan to use it is also missing, and most importantly the conclusion of the report is very concise. Overall, it can be stated that the report will be interesting for the readers with limited knowledge, however, the scholars and researchers would expect more from it.

Western Civilizations (Unit VII) an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Western Civilizations (Unit VII) Assessment Essay Questions What social transformation was Stalin trying to bring about in the Soviet Union in the 1930s? Why do you think he felt obligated to carry out the Great Purges of the late 1930s? The kind of social transformation that Stalin was trying to bring about in the Soviet Union in the 1930s was the creation of the New Soviet Person (Hoffmann, 2003). He believed that socialist values must be instilled in all members of society alongside the implementation of the policies of industrialization, urbanization and modernization. Stalins Soviet Union, therefore, was a Soviet version of the (Enlightenment) impulse to remake and improve society (Hoffman, 2003). Human nature itself must be tailored to accommodate the demands of socialism. Need essay sample on "Western Civilizations (Unit VII) Assessment Essay Questions" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Often Tell EssayLab support: How much do I have to pay someone to make my essay today? Essay writer professionals suggest: Essaylab.Com Can Provide You With The Winning Academic Essay For Stalin, this could only happen if the Soviet Union isolated itself from the rest of the world (Chambers, Hanawalt, Rabb, Woloch, Grew and Tiersten, 2007). Without outside interference, the country would be able to develop an environment that is conducive to the emergence of the New Soviet Person. Consequently, Stalin implemented measures that would supposedly transform the Soviet Union into a self-reliant industrial power. The First (1928-1932), Second (1933-1937) and Third (1938-1942) Five-Year Plans all attempted to collectivize agriculture and push for industrialization, with disastrous results. Famine ensued as the government seized grain from peasants to feed industrial workers and to export in order to raise payments for imported machinery that was necessary for industrialization (Chambers, Hanawalt, Rabb, Woloch, Grew and Tiersten, 2007). As soon as the Soviet Union acquired some semblance of autonomy, the government carefully monitored the people for anti-Soviet activities. Associations of writers, musicians and artists were obliged to come up with pro-Soviet propaganda. Mass organizations were instituted with the purpose of indoctrinating workers and the youth. Members of the party who criticized Soviet ideology or even exhibited skepticism were immediately accused of treason (Chambers, Hanawalt, Rabb, Woloch, Grew and Tiersten, 2007). Stalin felt obligated to carry out the Great Purges of the late 1930s because he eventually replaced socialism as the center of Soviet society (Chambers, Hanawalt, Rabb, Woloch, Grew and Tiersten, 2007). Not only was his picture literally everywhere; works of art were dedicated to him and factories were named after him. Fearful of potential conspiracies against him, especially after the assassination of close associate Sergei Kirov in 1934, Stalin used violence to eliminate everyone whom he perceived to be his enemy. From 1934 to 1939, engineers, Ukrainian separatists, former Mensheviks and party members accused of being counterrevolutionaries were arrested, tried and executed. Why did the United States become so fearful of the Soviet Union after 1945? Why was the Soviet Union so fearful of the United States? The United States became so fearful of the Soviet Union after 1945 because during this period, communism was rapidly expanding throughout Eastern Europe and the Third World (De Escobar, Kelly and Romero, 2002). The post-World War II economic climate leaned favorably to the political left. The experience of poverty during the war resulted in popular demands for widespread land, welfare and economic reform. Accustomed to wartime controls, people viewed economic planning as the best means of ensuring economic growth and equity after the war (Painter, 1999). The political left gained further prestige because of the key role that the Soviet Union played in defeating Nazi Germany. The victory of the Soviet Union over Nazism resulted in tolerance, if not a sustaining myth, for continued communist rule. In the process, communist parties and other leftist groups gained ground throughout Europe and in some parts of the Third World (Painter, 1999). By 1947, the Soviet Union had already established Communist regimes in Bulgaria, Romania, Poland and Hungary (MSN Encarta, 2008). Communism was likewise on the verge of assuming power in France, Italy, Greece, China and Vietnam (Painter, 1999). The US felt extremely threatened with the aforementioned developments the Republicans (strong opponents of the New Deal) dominated the postwar government of the former (Painter, 1999). US President Harry S. Truman therefore issued in 1947 the Truman Doctrine, a policy which extended military assistance to any nation that was under the threat of Soviet expansionism (MSN Encarta, 2008). But the Soviet Union was also fearful of the US Soviet leaders were very much aware that their countrys political, economic and military power was extremely inferior to that of the US (Painter, 1999). The Soviet Unions wartime reputation can no longer hide the poverty that communism has wrought upon the country. The Soviet Union therefore took certain steps to display an illusion of power. In 1949, it conducted its first nuclear testing. In 1961, the Soviet Union constructed the Berlin Wall in order to prevent the exodus of East German refugees to West Germany (MSN Encarta, 2008). In retaliation, the US deployed troops and missiles in strategic locations in various parts of the world. This rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union came to be known as the Cold War. References Chambers, M., Hanawalt, B., Rabb, T.K., Woloch, I., Grew, R., & Tiersten, L. (2007). The Western Experience, Volume II (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. De Escobar, J.K., Kelly, J., & Romero, C.A. (2002). The United States and Venezuela: Rethinking a Relationship. New York: Routledge. Hoffmann, D.L. (2003). Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity, 1917-1941. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. MSN Encarta. (2008). Cold War.